Cho \(\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b \) là hai vectơ khác vectơ \(\overrightarrow 0 \). Trong trường hợp nào thì đẳng thức sau đúng?
a) \(\left| {\overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b } \right| = \left| {\overrightarrow a } \right| + \left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|\);
b) \(\left| {\overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b } \right| = \left| {\overrightarrow a - \overrightarrow b } \right|\) .
Sử dụng tính chất \({\overrightarrow a ^2} = {\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|^2}\)
a) \(\left| {\overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b } \right| = \left| {\overrightarrow a } \right| + \left| {\overrightarrow b } \right| \Leftrightarrow {\left| {\overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b } \right|^2} = {\left( {\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right| + \left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|} \right)^2}\)
\( \Leftrightarrow {\left( {\overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b } \right)^2} = {\left( {\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right| + \left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|} \right)^2} \Leftrightarrow {\left( {\overrightarrow a } \right)^2} + 2\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b + {\left( {\overrightarrow b } \right)^2} = {\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|^2} + 2.\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right| + {\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|^2}\)
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\( \Leftrightarrow {\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|^2} + 2\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b + {\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|^2} = {\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|^2} + 2.\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right| + {\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|^2}\)
\( \Leftrightarrow 2\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b = 2\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|\)
\( \Leftrightarrow 2\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|\cos \left( {\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b } \right) = 2\left| {\overrightarrow a } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow b } \right|\)
\( \Leftrightarrow \cos \left( {\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b } \right) = 1 \Leftrightarrow \left( {\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b } \right) = 0^\circ \)
Vậy \(\left| {\overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b } \right| = \left| {\overrightarrow a } \right| + \left| {\overrightarrow b } \right| \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow a , \,\overrightarrow b \) cùng hướng.
b) \(\left| {\overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b } \right| = \left| {\overrightarrow a - \overrightarrow b } \right| \Leftrightarrow {\left| {\overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b } \right|^2} = {\left| {\overrightarrow a - \overrightarrow b } \right|^2}\)
\( \Leftrightarrow {\left( {\overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b } \right)^2} = {\left( {\overrightarrow a - \overrightarrow b } \right)^2}\)
\( \Leftrightarrow {\left( {\overrightarrow a } \right)^2} + 2\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b + {\left( {\overrightarrow b } \right)^2} = {\left( {\overrightarrow a } \right)^2} - 2\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b + {\left( {\overrightarrow b } \right)^2}\)
\( \Leftrightarrow 2\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b = - 2\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b \Leftrightarrow 4\overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b = 0\)
\( \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow a .\overrightarrow b = 0 \Leftrightarrow \left( {\overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b } \right) = 90^\circ \)
Vậy \(\left| {\overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b } \right| = \left| {\overrightarrow a - \overrightarrow b } \right| \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow a ,\overrightarrow b \) vuông góc với nhau.