Tính các giới hạn sau:
a) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \left( {{x^3} + 2{x^2} - 1} \right)\);
b) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \frac{{{x^3} + 2{x^2}}}{{3{x^2} + 1}}\);
c) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \sqrt {{x^2} - 2x + 3} \).
Sử dụng kiến thức về quy tắc tính giới hạn vô cực để tính:
a) Nếu \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } f\left( x \right) = L > 0,\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } g\left( x \right) = - \infty \) thì \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \left[ {f\left( x \right)g\left( x \right)} \right] = - \infty \)
b) Nếu \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } f\left( x \right) = L > 0,\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } g\left( x \right) = + \infty \) thì \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \left[ {f\left( x \right)g\left( x \right)} \right] = + \infty \)
c) Nếu \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } f\left( x \right) = L > 0,\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } g\left( x \right) = + \infty \) thì \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \left[ {f\left( x \right)g\left( x \right)} \right] = + \infty \)
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a) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \left( {{x^3} + 2{x^2} - 1} \right) \) \( = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \left[ {{x^3}\left( {1 + \frac{2}{x} - \frac{1}{{{x^3}}}} \right)} \right]\)
Vì \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } {x^3} \) \( = - \infty ;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \left( {1 + \frac{2}{x} - \frac{1}{{{x^3}}}} \right) \) \( = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } 1 + \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{2}{x} - \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{1}{{{x^3}}} \) \( = 1 > 0\)
Do đó, \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \left( {{x^3} + 2{x^2} - 1} \right) \) \( = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \left[ {{x^3}\left( {1 + \frac{2}{x} - \frac{1}{{{x^3}}}} \right)} \right] \) \( = - \infty \)
b) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \frac{{{x^3} + 2{x^2}}}{{3{x^2} + 1}} \) \( = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \left[ {x.\frac{{1 + \frac{2}{x}}}{{3 + \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}}}} \right]\)
Ta có: \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } x \) \( = + \infty ,\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \frac{{1 + \frac{2}{x}}}{{3 + \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}}} \) \( = \frac{{1 + \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \frac{2}{x}}}{{3 + \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}}} \) \( = \frac{1}{3} > 0\)
Do đó, \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \frac{{{x^3} + 2{x^2}}}{{3{x^2} + 1}} \) \( = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \left[ {x.\frac{{1 + \frac{2}{x}}}{{3 + \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}}}} \right] \) \( = + \infty \)
c) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \sqrt {{x^2} - 2x + 3} \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \left[ {\left| x \right|\sqrt {1 - \frac{2}{x} + \frac{3}{{{x^2}}}} } \right] \) \( = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \left[ { - x\sqrt {1 - \frac{2}{x} + \frac{3}{{{x^2}}}} } \right]\)
Ta có: \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \left( { - x} \right) \) \( = + \infty ;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \sqrt {1 - \frac{2}{x} + \frac{3}{{{x^2}}}} \) \( = \sqrt {1 - \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{2}{x} + \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{3}{{{x^2}}}} \) \( = 1 > 0\)
Do đó, \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \sqrt {{x^2} - 2x + 3} \) \( = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \left[ { - x\sqrt {1 - \frac{2}{x} + \frac{3}{{{x^2}}}} } \right] \) \( = + \infty \)