Tìm các giới hạn sau :
a. \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 2} \root 3 \of {{{2{x^4} + 3x + 1} \over {{x^2} - x + 2}}} \)
b. \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } {{\sqrt {{x^2} - x + 5} } \over {2x - 1}}\)
c. \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {{\left( { - 3} \right)}^ - }} {{{x^4} + 1} \over {{x^2} + 4x + 3}}\)
d. \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 2} {3 \over {{{\left( {x - 2} \right)}^2}}}\sqrt {{{x + 4} \over {4 - x}}} \)
e. \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {{\left( { - 2} \right)}^ + }} {{\sqrt {8 + 2x} - 2} \over {\sqrt {x + 2} }}\)
f. \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \left( {\sqrt {{x^2} + x} - \sqrt {4 + {x^2}} } \right)\)
a. \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 2} \root 3 \of {{{2{x^4} + 3x + 1} \over {{x^2} - x + 2}}} = \root 3 \of {{{32 - 6 + 1} \over {4 + 2 + 2}}} = \root 3 \of {{{27} \over 8}} = {3 \over 2}\)
b.
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\(\eqalign{
& \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } {{\sqrt {{x^2} - x + 5} } \over {2x - 1}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } {{\left| x \right|\sqrt {1 - {1 \over x} + {5 \over {{x^2}}}} } \over {x\left( {2 - {1 \over x}} \right)}} \cr
& = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } {{ - \sqrt {1 - {1 \over x} + {5 \over {{x^2}}}} } \over {2 - {1 \over x}}} = - {1 \over 2} \cr} \)
c. Với mọi x < -3, ta có: \({{{x^4} + 1} \over {{x^2} + 4x + 3}} = {{{x^4} + 1} \over {x + 1}}.{1 \over {x + 3}}\)
\(\eqalign{& \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {{\left( { - 3} \right)}^ - }} {{{x^4} + 1} \over {x + 1}} = {{82} \over { - 2}} = - 41 < 0\,\cr&\text{ và }\,\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {{\left( { - 3} \right)}^ - }} {1 \over {x + 3}} = - \infty \cr & \text{ nên }\,\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {{\left( { - 3} \right)}^ - }} {{{x^4} + 1} \over {{x^2} + 4x + 3}} = + \infty \cr} \)
d.
\(\eqalign{
& \text{ Vì }\,\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 2} {3 \over {{{\left( {x - 2} \right)}^2}}} = + \infty \cr&\text{ và}\,\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 2} \sqrt {{{x + 4} \over {4 - x}}} = \sqrt {{6 \over 2}} = \sqrt 3 > 0 \cr
& \text{ nên }\,\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 2} {3 \over {{{\left( {x - 2} \right)}^2}}}\sqrt {{{x + 4} \over {4 - x}}} = + \infty \cr} \)
e. Nhân tử và mẫu của phân thức với \(\sqrt {8 + 2x} + 2,\) ta được :
\(\eqalign{
& {{\sqrt {8 + 2x} - 2} \over {\sqrt {x + 2} }} = {{8 + 2x - 4} \over {\sqrt {x + 2} \left( {\sqrt {8 + 2x} + 2} \right)}} \cr
& = {{2\left( {x + 2} \right)} \over {\sqrt {x + 2} \left( {\sqrt {8 + 2x} + 2} \right)}} = {{2\sqrt {x + 2} } \over {\sqrt {8 + 2x} + 2}} \cr
& \forall x > - 2 \cr} \)
Do đó \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {{\left( { - 2} \right)}^ + }} {{\sqrt {8 + 2x} - 2} \over {\sqrt {x + 2} }} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {{\left( { - 2} \right)}^ + }} {{2\sqrt {x + 2} } \over {\sqrt {8 + 2x }+ 2 }} = {0 \over 4} = 0\)
f.
\(\eqalign{
& \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \left( {\sqrt {{x^2} + x} - \sqrt {4 + {x^2}} } \right) \cr&= \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } {{{x^2} + x - 4 - {x^2}} \over {\sqrt {{x^2} + x} + \sqrt {4 + {x^2}} }} \cr
& = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } {{x - 4} \over {\left| x \right|\sqrt {1 + {1 \over x}} + \left| x \right|\sqrt {{4 \over {{x^2}}} + 1} }} \cr&= \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } {{x\left( {1 - {4 \over x}} \right)} \over { - x\left( {\sqrt {1 + {1 \over x}} + \sqrt {{4 \over {{x^2}}} + 1} } \right)}} \cr
& = - \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } {{1 - {4 \over x}} \over {\sqrt {1 + {1 \over x}} + \sqrt {1 + {4 \over {{x^2}}}} }} = - {1 \over 2} \cr} \)