Chứng minh các đẳng thức lượng giác sau:
a) \({\sin ^4}x + {\cos ^4}x = 1 - 2{\sin ^2}x{\cos ^2}x\);
b) \(\frac{{1 + \cot x}}{{1 - \cot x}} = \frac{{\tan x + 1}}{{\tan x - 1}}\);
c) \(\frac{{\sin \alpha + \cos \alpha }}{{{{\sin }^3}\alpha }} = \frac{{1 - {{\cot }^4}\alpha }}{{1 - \cot \alpha }}\);
d) \(\frac{{{{\tan }^2}\alpha + {{\cos }^2}\alpha - 1}}{{{{\cot }^2}\alpha + {{\sin }^2}\alpha - 1}} = {\tan ^6}\alpha \).
Sử dụng kiến thức về hệ thức cơ bản giữa các giá trị lượng giác của một góc:
a) \({\sin ^2}\alpha + {\cos ^2}\alpha = 1\)
b) \(\cot \alpha = \frac{1}{{\tan \alpha }}\)
c) \(\frac{1}{{{{\sin }^2}\alpha }} = 1 + {\cot ^2}\alpha ,\cot \alpha = \frac{{\cos \alpha }}{{\sin \alpha }}\)
d) \({\sin ^2}\alpha + {\cos ^2}\alpha = 1\), \(\frac{1}{{{{\cos }^2}\alpha }} = 1 + {\tan ^2}\alpha \), \(\cot \alpha = \frac{{\cos \alpha }}{{\sin \alpha }}\), \(\tan \alpha = \frac{{\sin \alpha }}{{\cos \alpha }}\), \(\frac{1}{{{{\sin }^2}\alpha }} = 1 + {\cot ^2}\alpha ,\cot \alpha = \frac{1}{{\tan \alpha }}\)
a) \({\sin ^4}x + {\cos ^4}x = {\sin ^4}x + 2{\sin ^2}x{\cos ^2}x + {\cos ^4}x - 2{\sin ^2}x{\cos ^2}x\)
\( = {\left( {{{\sin }^2}x + {{\cos }^2}x} \right)^2} - 2{\sin ^2}x{\cos ^2}x = 1 - 2{\sin ^2}x{\cos ^2}x\)
b) \(\frac{{1 + \cot x}}{{1 - \cot x}} = \frac{{1 + \frac{1}{{\tan x}}}}{{1 - \frac{1}{{\tan x}}}} = \frac{{\frac{{\tan x + 1}}{{\tan x}}}}{{\frac{{\tan x - 1}}{{\tan x}}}} = \frac{{\tan x + 1}}{{\tan x - 1}}\);
c) \(\frac{{\sin \alpha + \cos \alpha }}{{{{\sin }^3}\alpha }} = \frac{1}{{{{\sin }^2}\alpha }} + \frac{{\cos \alpha }}{{{{\sin }^3}\alpha }} = 1 + {\cot ^2}\alpha + \cot \alpha \left( {1 + {{\cot }^2}\alpha } \right)\)
\( = \left( {1 + {{\cot }^2}\alpha } \right)\left( {1 + \cot \alpha } \right) = \frac{{\left( {1 + {{\cot }^2}\alpha } \right)\left( {1 + \cot \alpha } \right)\left( {1 - \cot \alpha } \right)}}{{\left( {1 - \cot \alpha } \right)}}\)\( = \frac{{1 - {{\cot }^4}\alpha }}{{1 - \cot \alpha }}\)
d) \(\frac{{{{\tan }^2}\alpha + {{\cos }^2}\alpha - 1}}{{{{\cot }^2}\alpha + {{\sin }^2}\alpha - 1}} = \frac{{{{\tan }^2}\alpha - {{\sin }^2}\alpha }}{{{{\cot }^2}\alpha - {{\cos }^2}\alpha }} = \frac{{\frac{{{{\sin }^2}\alpha }}{{{{\cos }^2}\alpha }} - {{\sin }^2}\alpha }}{{\frac{{{{\cos }^2}\alpha }}{{{{\sin }^2}\alpha }} - {{\cos }^2}\alpha }}\)
\( = \frac{{{{\sin }^2}\alpha \left( {\frac{1}{{{{\cos }^2}\alpha }} - 1} \right)}}{{{{\cos }^2}\alpha \left( {\frac{1}{{{{\sin }^2}\alpha }} - 1} \right)}} = {\tan ^2}\alpha .\frac{{{{\tan }^2}\alpha }}{{{{\cot }^2}\alpha }} = {\tan ^6}\alpha \)